بحران امنیت غذایی در کشور ونزوئلا و نقش طرفین درگیر در جنایت مزبور

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی مستقل

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد حقوق بین الملل دانشگاه اشرفی اصفهانی

2 دانشجوی دکتری روابط بین‌الملل دانشگاه ایروان، ارمنستان و کارشناسی‌ارشد مهندسی کشاورزی

چکیده

بحران امنیت غذایی در کشور ونزوئلا یکی از موضوعات چالش برانگیز در جامعه بین‌المللی است تا جایی که امروزه نگرانی شدید پیرامون آن وجود دارد و سازمان ملل و سایر نهاد‌‌‌های بین‌المللی نیز وجود بحران انسانی و نقض تعهدات نسبت به تامین امنیت غذایی شهروندان را به شکل هشدار دهنده‌ای بیان می کنند . علت‌های بسیاری در گسترش این موضوع وجود دارد که سیاست‌های بین‌المللی و داخلی دولت رسمی ونزوئلا و مداخلات بین‌المللی می تواند از مهمترین آنها باشد. در این پژوهش سوال محوری را چگونگی پیدایش بحران انسانی اخیر و چگونگی دستیابی به یک راه‌حل حقوقی با تاکید بر مسئولیت مقامات نظامی و سیاسی کشور ونزوئلا می‌توان دانست . در نظر است با بررسی علل وقوع این فاجعه انسانی، چگونگی پیگرد حقوقی مسئولین آن در محاکم بین‌المللی و یک راه حل کاربردی در بحران امنیت غذایی و تاثیر آن بر شهروندان ونزوئلایی دست یافت . یکی از مهمترین دستاورد‌‌های پژوهش می تواند امکان ارجاع و پیگیری افراد درگیر در ایجاد این بحران و ایجاد یک مکانیزم تحت طرح مسئولیت برای حمایت از طریق شورای امنیت یا توافق جمعی جهت ارتقا حق بر امنیت غذایی شهروندان باشد. لازم به ذکر است روش کاربردی در تحقیق مزبور روش کتابخانه و با استفاده از آمار و گزارشهای بین‌المللی بوده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The food security crisis in Venezuela and the role of the parties involved in the crime

نویسندگان [English]

  • Meysam Khosravi 1
  • Alireza Erik Adkanian 2
1 MA of International Law in Ashrafi Esfahani University
2 PhD. Student of International Relations in Yerevan University, Armenia
چکیده [English]

 The Venezuelan food security crisis is one of the challenging issues in the international community with alarming concern of the United Nations and other international bodies today that the humanitarian crisis and violations of food security measures are alerting citizens. Express. One case in point is the role of the Venezuelan government's policies led by the motherland with the ruling group in the administration of the country and the type of sovereignty, as well as the effects of disputes with the opposition led by Juan Guido, led by many countries. Forensics identified have been identified. In this study, we will look at the reasons for Venezuelan citizens' food security violations and the prosecution of its officials for lack of sovereignty in international courts. Regardless of the judicial immunity of public officials and the application of Chapter VII of the Charter can in the form of the responsibility for protection through referral to the Security Council or the collective agreement of the members of the UN General Assembly.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Food safety
  • Humanitarian assistance
  • Venezuela republic
  • International courts
  • Food crisis
- آدکانیان، علیرضا آریک  و میثم خسروی (1397)، «جایگاه امنیت غذایی از دیدگاه عدالت انتقالی»، فصلنامه مطالعات بین‌المللی، تهران، دوره 15، شماره 1،  صص155-139.
- طلایی، فرهاد و علی رزم‌خواه (1392)، «تعهدات دولت‌ها در قبال حق بر غذا با توجه به ماده یازدهم میثاق بین‌المللی حقوق اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی»، فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق خصوصی، دوره 43، شماره 2، صص134-119.
- میرعباسی، سیدباقر و سیدحسین سادات‌میدانی (1389)، دیوان بین‌المللی دادگستری مسائل روز؛ چکیده آراء و اسناد، تهران، انتشارت جنگل جاودنه، چاپ دوم.
-  Ahluwalia, Pooja  (2004), “The Implementation of The Right to Food at The National Level: A Critical Examination of The Indian Campaign On The Right to Food As An Effective Operationalization of Article 11 of ICESCR”, New York, NYU School of Law: Center For human Rights And Global Justice Working Paper Economic, Social And Cultural Rights Series, p. 24, Available from: http://www.fao.org/eims/secretariat/right_to_food/showDocument.asp?doc_id=218664&main=false&name=AH417.pdf, Last seen 16/08/2019
-  Londoño, Ernesto  & Simons, Marslise (2018), “Neighbors Refer Venezuela to Criminal Court in ‘Historic’ Rebuke”, Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/26/world/americas/venezuela-international-criminal-court.html
-  Sweeney, Jude (2018), “ACAPS Thematic Report: Humanitarian Crisis in Venezuela”, P. 3, Available from: https://reliefweb.int/report/venezuela-bolivarian-republic/acaps-thematic-report-23-may-2018-venezuela-humanitarian-crisis
- Aghajanloo, Mahdi, (2018), “Vision socio-économique des droits de l’Homme en tant qu’économie solidaire”, International Studies Journal (ISJ), Vol. 15, No. 1, 1-28.
- Aljazeera (2019), “Venezuela's health emergency: Calls for UN intervention”, Available from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/venezuelas-health-emergency-calls-intervention-190405123555708.html , Last seen 16/08
- Bahar, Dany, Meagan Doole and Cidny Huang (2018), “Integrating Venezuelans into the Colombian Labor Market Mitigating Costs and Maximizing Benefits”, Brookings Global Economy and Development, Available from: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Venezuelan-Migrants_English.pdf, Last seen 16/08
- Berwick, Angus (2019), “Back to the Streets: Venezuelan Protests Against Maduro Draw New Crowd”, Available from: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-protesters/back-to-the-streets-venezuelan-protests-against-maduro-draw-new-crowd-idUSKCN1PI391, Last seen 15/12
- CONAPRI (2019), “Some of Venezuela's Comparative Advantages Are Widely Acknowledged; Among Them, Its Privileged Geographical Location Granting Easy Air, Sea, and Land Access to International Markets, Along with Its Enormous Tourism Potentiality”, Venezuela Now Magazine, 4th. Edition, ‘Opinion: A Promising Future’, p. 1 & 2., Available from: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House_of_Representatives_Committees?url=jfadt/samer/samchp10.pdf, Last seen 16/08.
- Congressional Research Service (2019), “Venezuela: Political Crisis and U.S. Policy”, p. 1,  Available from: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10230.pdf, Last seen 15/12/2019.
- Constitute Project (2019), “Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)’s Constitution of 1999 with Amendments through 2009”, article 91, 156, 305, Available from: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Venezuela_2009.pdf, Last seen 16/08
- Development Initiatives (2017), “ Defining Humanitarian Assistance”,   Available from: http://devinit.org/defining-humanitarian-assistance/#, Last seen 16/08
- Ellis, Evan R. (2017), “The Collapse of Venezuela and Its Impact on the Region”, July-August, p. 23, Available from: http://www.addisonlibrary.org/sites/default/files/The%20Collapse%20of%20Venezuela.pdf
- Fernández, Herminia (2019), “Comités Locales de Abastecimiento: Instrumentos de Maduro Para Paliar el Hambre”, Available from: https://www.france24.com/es/20190210-comites-locales-abastecimiento-maduro-venezuela, Last seen 15/12.
- Food Aid Committee Secretariat C/O International Grains Council (1999), “Food Aid Convention”, Article 1-2, Availablefrom: https://www.foodaidconvention.org/Pdf/convention/iga1995.pdf
- Garzon, Juan Carlos and Robert Muggah (2017), “Op-Ed: Venezuela’s Raging Homicide Epidemic is Going Unrecorded”, p.52, at: https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-garzon-muggah-venezuela-violent-crime-statistics-20170331-story.html
- Human Rights Watch (2018), Available from: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/venezuela, p. 38-39.
- International Criminal Court (2011), “Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court”, article 13&14, Available from: https://www.icc-cpi.int/resource-library/Documents/RS-Eng.pdf
- Regnault, Marc (2018), “WFP Level 2 Emergency: Colombia Venezuela Crisis”, WFP Emergency Coordinator, Available from: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/WFP%20Colombia,%20Venezuela%20Influx%20Response%20Overview,%2006%20April%202018.pdf, Last seen 16/08.
- Rendon, Moisas & Mark L. Schneider, Mark L (2018), “Venezuela’s Crisis Is Now a Regional Humanitarian Disaster”, Center for Strategic International Studies, p. 2, Available from: https://www.csis.org/analysis/venezuelas-crisis-now-regional-humanitarian-disaster
- Rujano, Elio (2019), World Food Programme Insight, Available from: https://insight.wfp.org/is-this-really-an-apple-48a79431632a, Last seen 16/08
- United Nation General Embassy (2012), OCHA on Message: General Assembly Resolution 46/182, p. 2, Available from: https://www.unocha.org/sites/unocha/files/dms/Documents/120402_OOM46182_eng.pdf
- United Nation Security Council (2019), “Venezuelans Must Resolve Crisis Themselves, Security Council Delegates Agree while Differing over Legitimacy of Contending Parties” , SC/13719, p 2, Available from: https://www.un.org/press/en/2019/sc13719.doc.htm
- USAID, 2019, “Venezuela Regional Crisis”, Fzct Sheet #3, Fiscal Year (FY) 2019, p. 5,  at: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1866/venezuela_cr_fs03_09-04-2019.pdf, Last seen 15/12/2019.
- WfpUSA (2017), “Winning the PeaceHunger and Instability”, Available from: https://www.wfpusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/2017-Winning-the-Peace-Hunger-and-Instability.pdf
- Zuber Mohammad, Ahadi and Katarh Taylor (2019), “Confict, Climate, and Economic Shocks Keep Acute Hunger Level above 100 Million”, International Food Policy Research Institute, Available from: http://www.ifpri.org/blog/global-report-food-crises-2019, Last seen 16/08.