نارسایی قوانین ایالتی آمریکا و ضرورت هم‌گام‌سازی در حقوق زیست بین‌المللی در خصوص بارورسازی ابرها و تاسیس آژانس اصلاح آب و هوا

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی مستقل

نویسندگان

1 دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد، گروه حقوق بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق پیام نور، تهران، ایران

2 دکتری فقه و حقوق اسلامی، استادیار گروه فقه و حقوق پژوهشکده امام خمینی و انقلاب اسلامی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

عملیات بارورسازی ابرها که در دهه‌های اخیر با اهدافی هم‌چون مقابله با خشکسالی و کاهش آلودگی‌های محیطی و نیز به‌عنوان یکی از طرق مقابله با گرمایش زمین، درسرزمین‌های بسیاری از جمله ایالات آمریکا به‌کار گرفته شده‌است، تحت پوشش قوانین محلی و ایالتی است. گستردگی سرزمینی منطقه تحت پوشش هر عملیات بارورسازی، بارورسازان و افراد متاثر از این عملیات و نیز محاکم را به دلیل قوانین متفاوت ایالتی دچار تعارض و سردرگمی می‌نماید. فقدان قانون فدرال و عدم هم‌گرایی قوانین ایالتی، عامل فرار عاملین از مسؤولیت عواقب نامطلوب ناشی از بارورسازی و بی‌پناهی قانونی متضررین از چنین عملیاتی است. این‌تحقیق در پاسخ به سوال: قوانین بارورسازی ابر تا چه میزان پاسخگوی نیازهای حقوقی ناشی از این فرآیند است و چه راهکاری برای رفع نقائص احتمالی آن وجود دارد؟ و با هدف تبیین عدم کفایت قوانین موجود و ضرورت ایجاد قانون جامع در سطح فدرال، با روش توصیفی تحلیلی به بررسی مشکلات ناشی از فقدان مقررات فدرال و ایالتی بودن قوانین پرداخته و با برشماری مزایا و معایب تنظیم مقررات فدرال و نیز ارائه راه‌های رفع معایب و اثبات راهگشا نبودن قوانین عام مسوولیت، کفه محاسن تدوین این قانون و حکومت آن بر قوانین ایالتی را سنگین‌تر می‌یابد. هم‌چنین با اشاره به نواقص اجرایی قوانین موجود، ضرورت تاسیس آژانسی برای تنظیم‌گری، مدیریت و نظارت بر فرآیند بارورسازی ابرها را اثبات می‌کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The inadequacy of state laws in America and the need for International Environmental legislation to be synchronized with relation to Cloud Seeding and the creation of the Climate Change Agency

نویسندگان [English]

  • Masoumeh Zamanian 1
  • Zahra Vatani 2
1 Graduated Master Degree from the Department of International Law, Faculty of Law Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
2 Ph.D. in Islamic Jurisprudence and Law, Assistant Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Law, Imam Khomeini and Islamic Revolution Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Cloud seeding has been used in many countries in recent decades to combat drought, reduce pollution, and mitigate global warming, among other things. Local and state laws govern the process in the United States. Due to differences in state laws, the broad extent of the land covered each time has perplexed seeders, affected people, and courts of law. Due to the sheer lack of federal laws and inconsistencies in state laws, those affected by the negative effects are legally helpless, while the offenders escape punishment. This research seeks to answer the following questions: “How well do existing laws meet current legal needs in this regard?” and “Is there a way to eliminate the potential shortcoming?” A descriptive-analytical approach is used to investigate issues arising from the lack of a federal law and the state jurisdiction of current laws. The goal is to demonstrate the inadequacy of existing laws and the need for comprehensive federal legislation. Giving the benefits and drawbacks of federal law regulation, presenting solutions to eliminate the drawbacks, and demonstrating the ineffectiveness of general responsibility laws, the benefits of developing such a law that governs state laws outweigh the drawbacks. The inadequacy of current laws in terms of their enforcement serves as further evidence of the necessity of establishing an organization to control, manage, and monitor cloud seeding.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Cloud Seeding
  • Rain Enhancement
  • Environmental Reform
  • Geoengineering
  • Climate Engineering
  • Global Warming
  • International Environment

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