"فصلنامه مطالعات بین المللی (ISJ)"."مطالعات بین المللی"."مطالعات بین‌المللی"."فصلنامه مطالعات بین المللی"."ISJ"."فصلنامه بین المللی"."فصلنامه مطالعات"
فصلنامه مطالعات بین‌ المللی

فصلنامه مطالعات بین‌ المللی

راهکارهای حمایت از نسل‏ های سه ‏گانه حقوق بشر در پرتو ظهور فناوری هوش مصنوعی

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی مستقل

نویسندگان
عماد عبودیت 1
منصوره شریفی صدر 2
1 دانشجوی دکتری حقوق بین الملل دانشگاه قم
2 دانشجوی دکتری روابط بین‌الملل، دانشکده الهیات، حقوق و علوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
10.22034/isj.2023.322986.1723
چکیده
در سال‏‌های اخیر هوش مصنوعی با پیشرفت سرسام‏‌آوری بخش‌‎‏های ارائه خدمات و به تبع آن سیاست‏‌های رفاهی و اجتماعی در کشورهای توسعه‌‏یافته را تحت تاثیر قرار داده است. این مهم باعث شده که هوش مصنوعی در کنار فناوری‌‏های نوینی چون داده‏‌های انبوه و الگوریتم‌‏های خودرو، علاوه بر شکل‏‌دهی به بسیاری از تحولات اجتماعی، سیاست‏گذاران را با چالش‌‏ها و پرسش‌‏های مهمی مواجه گرداند. اجرای آزمایشی فناوری‏‌های فوق‏‌الذکر در صنعت بیمه، بانکداری، نظام‏‌های سلامت و ثبت احوال همانند عصر پیشادیجیتال، بستر نقض گسترده و نظام‏‌مند (سیستمیک) بسیاری از حقوق بشر مندرج در اسناد بین‏المللی را به وجود آورده است با این تفاوت که به دلیل اتوماتیک (ماشینی‏) بودن این نقض‏‌ها، امکان «احراز مسئولیت» از طرف نهادهای ناظر داخلی و یا بین‌‏المللی به درستی تعریف نشده و به تبع آن، سازوکار پاسخ‏گویی را نمی‏توان با چهارچوب‏های قانونی کنونی، فعال نمود. در این نوشتار ضمن توجه به تقسیم‌‏بندی نسل‏‌های سه‏‌گانه حقوق بشری، حقوق فرانسلی و مقدمه اصول تداوم بشری تعریف شده و تاثیرگذاری هوش مصنوعی بر این حقوق مورد اشاره قرار می‏گیرند. در ادامه نیز با طرح این مفروض که خطر اصلی هوش مصنوعی برای حقوق شهروندان، ایجاد دسته‏‌بندی‏‌ها، تبعیض و نقض حق تعیین سرنوشت قلمداد می‏شود، متعاقباً در پاسخ به این سوال که چگونه می‏توان با چالش‏های فوق‌‏الذکر مقابله نمود، پیشنهاداتی پیرامون ایجاد مکانیزم‏‌های مناسب برای حمایت و مراقبت از حقوق نسل‌های مختلف حقوق بشری مطرح گردیده و با برداشتی تطبیقی از اسناد بین‏المللی و داده‏های کتابخانه‏‌ای الکترونیک بر اساس روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، بررسی می‌‏گردد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
هوش مصنوعی
داده های انبوه
الگوریتم های خودرو
نسل های حقوق بشر
حقوق آیندگان
حقوق فرانسلی
تداوم بشری
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Protective Solutions to Three Generations of Human Rights in Light of AI Emergence

نویسندگان English

Emad Oboudiyat 1
Mansoureh Sharifi Sadr 2
1 PhD Student in International Laws, University of Qom, Iran
2 PhD student of International Relations, Faculty of Theology, Law and Political Sciences, Science and Research Unit, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

Incredible advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have affected various service sectors and social welfare policies in developed countries in recent years. As a result, AI and novel technologies (e.g., big data and machine learning algorithms) have shaped many social developments and forced policymakers to confront difficult challenges and questions. Similarly to the pre-digital era, pilot implementations of these technologies in the insurance and banking industries, health systems, and civil registration systems have resulted in widespread systemic violations of many human rights enshrined in international documents. However, domestic or international monitoring institutions have not defined the possibility of “responsibility acceptance” because these violations are automated (i.e., machine-based). It is hence impossible to activate an accountable mechanism through the current legal frameworks.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Artificial intelligence (AI)
Big data
Machine learning algorithms
Generations of human rights
Rights of the future generations
Trans generational rights
Human continuity
  1. Achiume, T (2019). A/HRC/41/54/Add.2: Report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance: Visit to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Distributed by the Human Rights Council on May 27th. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/41/54/Add.2. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  2. Alston, P (2019). A/HRC/41/39/Add.1: Report of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights: Visit to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Distributed by the Human Rights Council on April 23rd. Available at: https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/41/39/Add.1. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  3. Andrei, M (2017). Chinese factory replaces 90% of human workers with robots. Production rises by 250%, defects drop by 80%. ZME Science. February 3rd. Available at: https://www.zmescience.com/other/economics/china-factory-robots-03022017/. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  4. Bachelet, M (2021). Statement by United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Michelle Bachelet in Dialogue with the Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights, Parliamentary Assembly Council of European Union. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. September 14th, 2021. Available at: https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=27455&LangID=E. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  5. Brunner, K (2002). What's emergent in Emergent Computing?. Cybernetics and Systems 2002: Proceedings of the 16th European Meeting on Cybernetics and Systems Research, Vol. 1(1), 189–192. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20110723104427/http://klaus.e175.net/emcsr2002.pdf. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  6. Cataleta, M and Cataleta, A (2020). Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, an Unequal Struggle. CIFILE Journal of International Law, Vol. 1(2), 40-63. DOI: DOI: 10.30489/CIFJ.2020.223561.1015
  7. CERD [Commitee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination] (2020). CERD/C/GC/36: General recommendation No. 36 on preventing and combating racial profiling by law enforcement officials. Adopted by the Committee on December 17th. Available at: https://undocs.org/en/CERD/C/GC/36. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  8. Council of Europe (2001). Treaty No. 185: Convention on Cybercrime. Adopted in Budapest on November 23rd. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/1680081561. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  9. Council of Europe (2003). Treaty No. 189: Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime, concerning the criminalisation of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems. Adopted in Strasbourg on January 28th. Available at: https://rm.coe.int/168008160f. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  10. Evans, W (2015). Posthuman Rights: Dimensions of Transhuman Worlds. Teknokultura. Vol. 12(2). 373-389. DOI:5209/rev_TK.2015.v12.n2.49072.
  11. Frey, C and Osborne, M (2013). The Future of Employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?. Oxford Martin Programme on Technology and Employment. September 17th. Available at: https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/future-of-employment.pdf. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  12. General Assembly (1966). A/RES/2200A (XXI): International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Adopted by 21st session of General Assembly on December 16th. Available at: https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/2200(XXI). (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  13. General Assembly (1965). A/RES/2106 (XX): International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. Adopted by 20th session of General Assembly on December 21st. Available at: https://undocs.org/en/a/res/2106(xx). (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  14. Gabriel (2015). Liability for Crimes Involving Artificial Intelligence Systems. New York: Springer Publications.
  15. Human Rights Council (2021). A/HRC/48/31: The right to privacy in the digital age - Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Distributed by the Human Rights Council on September 13th. Available at: https://undocs.org/ru/A/HRC/48/31. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  16. Klein, A (2020). Reducing bias in AI-based financial services. The Brookings Institute for Government Research. July 10th. Available at: https://www.brookings.edu/research/reducing-bias-in-ai-based-financial-services/. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  17. Legg, S and Hutter, M (2007). A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence (Technical Report). IDSIA (Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale). June 15th. Available at: https://arxiv.org/pdf/0706.3639.pdf. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  18. Marczak, B and Scott-Railton, J and Berdanand, K and Razzak, B and Deibert, R (2021). Hooking Candiru: Another Mercenary Spyware Vendor Comes into Focus. The Citizen's Lab. July 15th. https://citizenlab.ca/2021/07/hooking-candiru-another-mercenary-spyware-vendor-comes-into-focus/. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  19. Mann, S and Hilbert, M (2020). AI4D: Artificial Intelligence for Development. International Journal of Communication, Vol. 14(1). 4385–4405. DOI: 1932–8036/20200005
  20. McCorduck, P (2004). Machines Who Think; Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence. 2nd Natick, Massachusetts: A. K. Peters Ltd.
  21. Medri, D (2013). Big Data & Business: An on-going revolution. Statistics View. Ocrober 23rd. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20150617211645/http://www.statisticsviews.com/details/feature/5393251/Big-Data--Business-An-on-going-revolution.html. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  22. Mullainathan, S and Obermeyer, Z and Powers, B and Vogeli, Ch (2019). Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. Science, Vol 366(6464). 477-453. DOI: 1126/science.aax2342.
  23. Quinn, G (2021). A/HRC/49/52: Artificial intelligence and the rights of persons with disabilities - Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of persons with disabilities. Distributed by the Human Rights Council on December 28th. Available at: https://undocs.org/A/HRC/49/52. (Last Retrieved: September 3rd, 2022)
  24. Ramprasad, A (2021). Russia gives the UN draft convention to fight cybercrime. Previewtech Security News. August 5th. Available at: https://previewtech.net/russia-gives-the-un-draft-convention-to-fight-cybercrime/. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  25. Su, G (2018). Unemployment in the AI Age. AI Matters, Vol 3(4). DOI: 1145/3175502.3175511.
  26. Tripathi, R (2018). Home Ministry pitches for Budapest Convention on cyber security. Indian Express. January 18th. Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/home-ministry-pitches-for-budapest-convention-on-cyber-security-rajnath-singh-5029314/. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  27. UNESCO (2020). SHS/BIO/AHEG-AI/2020/4 REV.2: First Draft of the Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Compiled by the Ad Hoc Expert Group on September 7th. Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373434. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  28. Vasak, K (1977). A 30-year struggle; the sustained efforts to give force of law to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. UNESCO Courier, 30(11). Available at: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000048063. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)
  29. International Telecommunication Union (2005). WSIS-05/TUNIS/DOC/6(Rev. 1): Tunis Agenda for Information Society. Adopted by World Summit on Information Society on November 18th. Available at: https://www.itu.int/net/wsis/docs2/tunis/off/6rev1.html. (Last Retrieved: December 22nd, 2021)