فصلنامه مطالعات بین‌ المللی

فصلنامه مطالعات بین‌ المللی

تکمیل نظام حقوقی حاکم بر حمل‌ونقل بین‌المللی توسط عرف‌های فراملی

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی مستخرج از رساله

نویسندگان
مازیار ذبیحی 1
محسن محبی 2
یوسف خرم فرهادی 3
1 دانش‌آموخته دکتری حقوق بین‌الملل عمومی، گروه حقوق عمومی و بین‌الملل، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات وعلوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران.
2 استادیارگروه حقوق عمومی و بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق، الهیات وعلوم سیاسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران
3 استادیار گروه حقوق عمومی و بین الملل، دانشکده حقوق وعلوم سیاسی ، واحد چالوس، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، چالوس، ایران
10.22034/isj.2021.262444.1330
چکیده
در کنوانسیون‌ها و قطعنامه‌های سازمان‌های بین‌المللی که موضوعشان حقوق حمل‌ونقل بین‌المللی است، تابعان فعال نقش کمتری را در اجرای مقرراتی که خود وضع کرده‌اند دارند. دولت‌ها و سازمان‌های بین‌الدولی در راستای نیاز جامعه حمل‌ونقل این مقررات را تصویب کرده و از جهتی سعی در به نظم درآوردن و یکپارچه‌سازی آن‌ها دارند. این مقررات با عرف‌های فراملی تکمیل می‌شوند و این عرف‌ها معاهدات و قطعنامه‌ها را بدون هیچ تغییری قابل ملاحظه‌ای، شکل‌دهی می‌کنند. در این مقاله سؤال اصلی ما این است که عرف‌های فراملی تابعان منفعل، چگونه باعث تکمیل کنوانسیون‌هایی می‌شوند که تابعان فعال وضع کرده‌اند؟ زوایای حقوقی عدم مطابقت عرف‌های فراملی با کنوانسیون‌ها و قطعنامه‌های حمل‌ونقلی و نیز تأثیری که در تفسیر و تضمین اجرای معاهدات حمل‌ونقل دارند را با شیوه توصیفی و تحلیلی مورد بررسی قرار دادیم و در پایان به این نتیجه رسیدیم که میزان امری بودن معاهده یا قطع‌نامه اجازه به ‌وجود آمدن عرف مؤخر یا ثانوی را می‌دهد، شکل‌گیری عرف مؤخر امری اجتناب‌ناپذیر است و نقش مثبتی را هم در احراز مسؤولیت و ضمانت اجرا خواهد داشت.
کلیدواژه‌ها
حمل‌ونقل بین‌المللی
سازمان‌های بین‌الدولی
عرف فراملی
قطع نامه‌ها
معاهدات

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

The Completion of the Legal System Governing International Transportation by Transnational Customs

نویسندگان English

Maziar Zabihi 1
Mohsen Mohebi 2
Yosof Khorramfarhadi 3
1 PhD, of Public International Law Dep.,, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Prof, Department of public and International law, Faculty of Divinity, Political Science and Law, Science And Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
3 Assistant Prof, Department of public and International law, College of Law and Political Science, Chaloos Branch, Islamic Azad University, Chaloos, Iran
چکیده English

In the conventions and resolutions of international organizations that deal with international transportation rights, active subjects play a lesser role in enforcing the regulations they have enacted. Governments and international organizations have adopted these regulations in line with the needs of the transportation community and are working to streamline and integrate them. These regulations are complemented by transnational customs, which form treaties and resolutions without any noticeable change. In this article, our main question is how the transnational customs of passive subjects complement the conventions laid down by active subjects. We examined the legal aspects of the non-compliance of transnational customs with the conventions and resolutions of transportation, as well as their effect on the interpretation and guarantee of the implementation of transport treaties, in a descriptive and analytical manner, and conclude that the extent to which a treaty or resolution is enforceable allows for the formation of a later or secondary custom, the formation of a later custom is inevitable, and will play a positive role in fulfilling responsibility and will guarantee.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

International Transport
Intergovernmental Organizations
Transnational Customs
Resolutions
Treaties
  1. BarzagarZadeh, A. (2020). Functioning and Status of Judicial Decisions in the Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice. International Studies Journal (ISJ), 17(2), 27-51. (In Persian)
  2. Cogliati-Bantz. Vincent P. (2015). Means of Transportation and Registration of Nationality: Transportation registered by international organizations. New York: Rutledge Taylor &Francis group
  3. Convention relating to a uniform law on the international sale of goods (1964, The Hague).
  4. G. (2014). Three Theories of Lex Mercatoria. Columbia journal of transnational law, 52(1), 369-434.
  5. D. (2011). Wilful Misconduct in International Transport Law. Hamburg: Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs.
  6. Day D. M. Griffin. B. (1993). The Law of International Trade. London: Butterworths London. Second Edition.
  7. Deeb G. H. (2009). The Advantages of Soft Law in International Commercial Law: The Role of UNIDROIT, UNCITRAL, and The Hague Conference. Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 34(3), 655-672.
  8. T. (2015). Civil Liability of Land transport operators. Tehran: Jungle. Third Edition.
  9. M. (2020). The USA and the Challenge of the WTO Dispute Settlement Body. International Studies Journal (ISJ), 17(1), 21-39. (In Persian)
  10. S. (2007). The Harmonization of International Commercial Law. Netherlands: Kluwer law International.
  11. A. (2012). Customs and trade facilitation: from concepts to implementation. World Customs Journal, 2(1), 17-30.
  12. E. G. Novato. (2005). Dictionary of international trade. Traverse: World trade press. Fifth Edition
  13. M. A. I. H. (2009). Multimodal Transport Law (The law Applicable to the Multimodal Contract for the Carriage of Goods. Rotterdam: Erasmus Universities Rotterdam.
  14. http//www.Unidroit.org/English/principles/chapter.1.htm Accessed: Jul,10, 2020
  15. Incoterms (2010). ICC rules for the domestic and International trade terms. Paris: Pub International Chamber of commerce.
  16. M. Shahin. A. Sefidari. S. (2019). A survey on letter of indemnity in the law of marine transport. private law studies quarterly, 49(2), 197-216. (In Persian)
  17. G. M. S. A. (1999). .Introduction to Custom.. Qom: Qom Hawzeh Islamic Office Publishing Center. (In Persian)
  18. Jabbari G. M. (2015). The Law of International Carriage by Air. Tehran: Mizan Legal foundation. Second Editation. (In Persian)
  19. Jisoo Y. (2017). Rules of origin and the use of free trade agreements: a literature review. World Customs Journal. Vol 9(1) 43-57
  20. M. (2015). Selected Arbitral Awards of Arbitration Center of Iran Chamcer. Tehran: The SD Institute of law research & study, Fourth Edition. Vol :1 (In Persian)
  21. Goode. R. (1997). Usage and its Reception in Transnational Commercial Law. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 46(1), 1-36.
  22. A. F. M. (1999). The Lex Mercatoria and International Contracts: A Challenge for International Commercial Arbitration?. American University International Law Review, 14(3), 657-734.
  23. C. Zeno-Zencovich. V (2016). Introduction to European Union transport law. Rome: Roma Tree-press.
  24. Md Almas. U. & Abu Yusuf. M. (2011). The role of Customs and other agencies in trade facilitation in Bangladesh: hindrances and ways forward. World Customs Journal, 5(1), 29-42.
  25. S. Safavi Shamloo. H. (2014). The Consignment Note in the CMR Convention. Comprative law review, 4 (2), 123-136. (In Persian)
  26. H. (2009). Fatherland universal, collective wills, military legal International, the international community, governments' autonomy. The quarterly research of public law journal, 11(26), 319-354. (In Persian)
  27. H. Lalegani. S. (2015). Applicable Law to International Multimodal Transport Contracts for Goods. The quarterly research of public law journal, 16(46), 155-190. (In Persian)
  28. H. Raee Dehghan. H. (2018). The Relationship between Subsequent Custom and Treaty within the Framework of Article 10 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court. The quarterly research of public law journal, 58(1), 137-163. (In Persian)
  29. M. (2007). The True Lex Mercatoria: Law beyond the State. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 14(2), 447-468.
  30. A. Seyedian Hashemi. S. (2015). Civil Liability of Air carrier in Position of Delay. The judiciarys Law Journal, 91(3),57-84. (In Persian)
  31. Clive M. (2012). The Law and practice of International Trade. Translated by Akhlaghi. B & Coworckers. Vol: 2, Tehran: Samt, Third Editation. (In Persian)
  32. A. (2011). International Trade Law. Tehran: Samt, Third Editation. (In Persian)
  33. Sriporm, Ch. (2016). The Principles of Contract Interpretation. Law Journal of the Thai Bar, 72 (2),54-82.
  34. The Convention concerning International Carriage by Rail (COTIF) (1999)
  35. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). (2012).
  36. Unidorit Principles of International Commercial Contracts. (2010). Rome: International Institute for the Unification of Private Law
  37. United Nation Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit. (1995)
  38. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea (2009)
  39. United Nations Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods. (Geneva, 24 May 1980)
  40. United Nations Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 December 2008, A/RES/63/122
  41. Yearbook of the International Law Commission. (1966). Documents of the second part of the seventeenth session and of the eighteenth session including the reports of the Commission to the General Assembly. Vol: 2, New York: United Nations pub.
  42. Zeynal Zadeh. I. (2016). Import Management. Insurance Inspection Transport Incoterms 2010. Tehran. The commerce printing and publishing company. (In Persian)