مفهوم ریشه کنی و جنایت علیه بشریت در پرونده 002 شعب فوق العاده دادگاه‌های کامبوج

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی مستقل

نویسندگان

1 هیات علمی دانشکده حقوق دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز

2 دانشجوی دکترای حقوق بین الملل دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکز

چکیده

تشکیل دادگاه‌های نسل سومی از جمله مباحثی است، که در حقوق بین‌الملل سابقه طولانی ندارد. این دادگاه‌ها نه کاملاً شبیه دادگاه‌های نسل اول ( نورنبرگ و توکیو ) هستند و نه عیناً دادگاه‌های ویژه یوگوسلاوی سابق و روآندا، اما برخی ویژگی‌های این دادگاه‌ها را دارا هستند. همچنین، هزینه‌های مربوط به این قسم از دادگاه‌ها، بین دولت مربوطه و سازمان ملل متحد تقسیم می‌گردد و وکلا و قضات و کارمندان بین‌المللی و ملی دارند.
یکی از دادگاه‌های نسل سومی که اخیراً رأی خود را در خصوص محکومیت سران خمر‌های سرخ صادر کرد، شعب فوق العاده دادگاه‌های کامبوج است، که به جرائم ارتکابی بین سال‌های 1975 تا 1979 رسیدگی میکند. اتهام مرتکبان جرائم ریشه کنی، تخلیه اجباری در دو مرحله و ... بود، که نهایتاً علی رغم دفاعیات خیو سفمان و نئون چه آ و وکلا‌ی آنان، شعبه محکومیت آنان را انشا کرد. از آنجائیکه متهمان سن بالایی داشتند، برای اجرای به موقع عدالت پرونده بین چند شعبه تقسیم شد. هرچند اینگ ساری که یکی از متهمان پرونده بود، در سال 2013 در طول دادرسی فوت کرد. علی رغم اصرار دولت کامبوج برای محاکمه در دادگاه‌های داخلی توسط خود این کشور، دادگاه نسل سومی تشکیل شد، که در آن قضات بین‌المللی هم حضور یافتند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Concept of Genocide and Crime against Humanities in the Chambers of Cambodjia Court

نویسندگان [English]

  • Sadegh Salimi 1
  • Seyed Mohamed Bagher Amirian 2
1 Faculty of Law, IAU, Central Branch, Tehran, Iran.
2 PhD Candidate of International Law, IAU, Faculty of Law, Central Branch, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

 
The establish third generation courts is new  issue  in International Law. This kind of courts are neither like first generation of court ( Nuremburg and Tokyo Courts) Nor International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda but they were effected by first and second generation  courts. Also, the third generation courts have international and internal lawyer and staffer.  Both The United Nation and the country that it wants to hold this kind of court in their country should pay. Extraordinary Chambers of court of Cambodia is one of them that in lengthy decision addressed the criminal responsibility of the two remaining senior leaders (Noun Chea and Khieu Samphan) of Democratic Kampuchea regime. They were convicted of crimes against humanity, extermination and population movement between 1975 to 1979. Fear the advanced age of the accused meant there was a real possibility that they would not live to judgment, the Trial Chamber separate trials. IENG Sary`s death extinguished all Criminal and civil against him. Combadi`s government suggested this trial hold in internal court but the United Nation rejected.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Criminal Law
  • International Criminal Courts
  • Ad Hoc
  • Genocide
  • Crime against Humanity
  • Cambodia
  • Cambodian Court
1- بیگی، جمال ( 1389 )،" راهبرد‌های حمایتی سازمان ملل متحد، ایران و اسلام در تأمین امنیت بزه دیدگان و شهود قاچاق انسان"، فقه و حقوق اسلامی، دوره 1، صفحات 225 تا 259
2- سلیمی، دکتر صادق ( 1391 )،" غلبه موازین بین‌المللی حقوق بشری بر حاکمیت دولت‌ها در پرتو دادگاه‌های نسل سوم"، تحقیقات حقوقی شهید بهشتی، 59
3- کاسسه، آنتونیو، ترجمه دکتر محمد علی اردبیلی ( 1371 )، "جامعه بین‌المللی و کشتار جمعی"، مجله تحقیقات حقوقی، شماره 10، 217- 240
 

زبان انگلیسی

1. Agreement between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone on the Establishment of a: Special court for Sierra Leone 2002
2. Article 38 of the ECCC LAW ( all penalties shall be limited to imprisonment ) and Article 189 of the Cambodian Criminal Code ( crime against humanity are punishable by life imprisonment ).    
3. Article 5 on Law on The Establishment of Extraordinary Chambers in The Courts of Cambodia for The Prosecution of Crimes Committed During The Period of Democratic Kampuchea
4. Article 50 of Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts ( Protocol ), 8 June 1977.
5. Blagojevic and Jokic Appeal Judgement, para. 28 ( Where an accused`s own choices interfere with his right to give evidence, he cannot claim a violation of his fair trial rights ).
 6. Blaskic Appeal Jugement, para. 687: Delalic et al. Appeal Judgement, para. 783: Limaj et al. Trial Judgement
7. Consolidated Preliminary Objections, E 51/3, 25 February 2011, paras 43-48, 53: Preliminary Objections Concerning Jurisdiction, E46, 14 February 2011, paras 4-5, 19, 24: see also, Summary of IENG Sary`s Rule 89 Preliminary Objections and Notice of Intent of Noncompliance with Future Informal Memoranda Issued in Liue of Reasoned Judicial Dicisions subject to Appellate Review, E51/4, 25 February 2011, para. 24 ( e ) referring to IENG Sary`s Appeal against the Closing Order, D427/1/6, 25 October 2010, paras 106, 108, 125.
8. Co- Prosecutors Final Trial Brife in Case 002/01, E295/6/1, 27 September 2013  
9. Dismissal order ( OCIJ ), D420, 14 september2010
10. Delalic et al. Appeal Judgment
11. Forthcoming Document Hearings and Response to Lead Co- Lawyer`Memorandum Concerning the Trial Chamber`s Request to Identify Civil Party Applications for Use at Trial ( E208/4 ) and KHIEU Samphan Defence Request to Revise Corroborative Evidence Lists ( E223) ( TC ), E223/2, 19 October 2012: Revised Schedule for Forthcoming Document Hearing ( Commencing Monday 21 January 2013 ) ( TC ), E223/3, 17 January 2013: Announcement of Remaining Hearings Prior to the Close of Evidentiary
Proceeding in Case 002/01 and Scheduling of Final Trial Management Meeting for 13 June 2013 ( TC ), E288, 31 May 2013: Schedule for the Final Document and Other Hearings in Case 002/01, for the Question of the Accused and Response to Motions E263 and E288/1 ( TC ), E288/1/1, 17 June 2013
12. Kononov v. Latvia, ECTHR ( Application No. 36376/04 ), Judgement, 17 May 2010, Para. 208: See also, KAING Guek Eav Appeal Jugement, fn. 188.
13. KAING Guek Eva Judgment, para. 43: KAING Guek Eva Appeal Judgment, paras 547- 557: Decision on Co-Prosecutors`Rule 92 Submission Regarding the Admission of Witness Statements and Other Documents before the Trial Chamber, E96/7, 20 June 2012, paras 21-22, 32- 33: Decision on Objections to the Admissibility of Witnees, Victim and Civil Party Statements and Case 001 Transcripts Proposed by the Co-Prosecutors and Civil Party Lead Co-Lawyer, E299, 15 August 2013       
14. International Center for Transitional Justice, 2006, 9  
15. Nuon Chea`s Closing Submissions in Case 002/01, E295/6/3, 26 September 2013
16. LONG Norin, Denis AFFONCO, Sydney SCHANBERG, Phillipe JULLIAN- GAUFRES and CHAU Sockon. Internal Rule 26 Permits testimony by resl- time audio or Video link where it is not seriously prejudicial to, or inconsistent with, defence rights.
17. Preliminary Submissions Concerning the Applicable Law, E163/5/11, 18 January 2013
18. Response to Issues Raised by Parties in Advance of Trial and Scheduling of Informal Meeting with Senior Legal Officer on 18 November 2011 ( TC ), E141, 17 November 2011, p. 2: Consolidated Schedule of Witnesses and Experts for Early 2013 ( TC ), E236/4, 8 January 2013
19. Seromba Appeal Judgement, Paras 19- 20: Blagojevic and Jokic Appeal Judgement
20. Sarah Williams ( 2014 ), The Conviction of Cambodian Khmer Rouge Leaders- at last, European Journal of International law
21. Section 16: The Criminal Responsibility of Khieu Samphan
22. Section 14: Joint Criminal Enterprise
23. Section 14: Joint Criminal Enterprise
24. Scheduling of Oral Hearing on Documents ( 13- 16 February 2012 ) ( TC ), E170, 9 February 2012: Direction to Parties following Hearing of 21 September 2012, E233, 24 September 2012
25. Section 14: Joint Criminal Enterprise
26. See Section 4: General Overview: 17 April 1975- 6 January 1979
27. See Section 11: Movement of the population ( Phase Two), 591, 594,597
28. T. 9 July 2013, 32- 39: Co- prosecuter`Response to KHIEU Samphan`s Withdrawal from Testifying and a Request for Adverse Inferences to be Drawn, E288/4/1, 16 July 2013
29. T. 31 Octorer 2013
30. T. 18 April 2012
31. T. 20 June 2012. pp. 71-73: T. 10 October 2012, pp. 6-7: T. 6 June 2013, pp. 37-41: T. 9 July 2013, pp. 16- 27: T. 29 May 2013, pp. 26-27, 28. 55- 56: T. 30 May 2013, pp.18- 20, 83- 85: T. 4 June 2013
32. T. 17 July 2013
33. T. 31 October 2013
34. Written Record of Arrest of NUON Chea ( OCIJ ), c7, 19 September 2007: Provisional Detention Order of NUON Chea ( OCIJ ), c9, 19 September 2007: Detention Order of IENG Sary ( OCIJ ), c23, 14 November 2007: Police Custody Decision ( OCIJ ), c14, 12 November 2007: Written Record of Arrest of KHIEU Samphan ( OCIJ ), c24/I, 19 November 2007: Provisional Detention Order ( OCIJ ), c26, 19 November 2007: Police Custody ( OCIJ ), c15, 12 November 2007: Written Record of Arrest ( OCIJ), c13/I, 12 November 2007: Arrest Warrant ( OCIJ ), 8 November 2007.
35. Written Record of Initial Appearance of NUON Chea (OCIJ), D20, 19 September 2007: Written Record Initial Appearance of KHIEU Samphan ( OCIJ ), D42,19 November 2007.

 

سایت‌ها

1. ejiltalk.org
2. eccc.gov.kh