Women's political participation has long been a central concern of the international human rights system as a fundamental indicator of development in contemporary societies. However, significant and frequently inconspicuous barriers continue to impede women's active and effective participation in political and social life despite the adoption of numerous authoritative international instruments and nearly eight decades having passed since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, posing considerable challenges to the full realization of this right. This article examines the status of women's political participation and rights within the international human rights system, with a brief focus on Iran's political system. The main research question concerns the approach of the international human rights system to women's political participation and the factors influencing its decline or expansion in Iran. The authors employ a descriptive-analytical method to address the research questions through reasoned analysis and argument, drawing on reliable library sources and international instruments. The findings show that, although international instruments, including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, explicitly affirm gender equality and women's right to political participation, the full realization of women's political participation in Iran continues to face serious challenges due to restrictive interpretations of Islamic principles, longstanding cultural barriers, traditional political decision-making structures, and legal inequalities in family law.