since its inception, the European Union has faced structural challenges in achieving a unified foreign policy. The rise of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan has made these challenges more evident. This study analyzes the factors of convergence and divergence among EU member states in adopting a common foreign policy toward the Taliban government. To explain cohesion and fragmentation, the research applies a combined theoretical framework of neoliberal institutionalism and liberal intergovernmentalism.Using a descriptive-analytical method, the study relies on qualitative analysis of data collected from official EU documents, reports of European institutions, academic articles, and library-based sources. It examines the policies, positions, and actions of EU member states toward the Taliban government.The findings indicate that issues such as migration management, geopolitical competition, non-recognition of the Taliban, and condemnation of human rights violations have contributed to convergence among EU member states, which can be explained through neoliberal institutionalist logic. Conversely, divergence has emerged due to differences in national interests, security concerns, and domestic political pressures, consistent with liberal intergovernmentalist assumptions.Overall, the study concludes that the European Union’s foreign policy toward Afghanistan results from the interaction between institutional cooperation and intergovernmental dynamics, making Afghanistan a significant test for assessing the EU’s unified foreign policy.