HIV-AIDS has become the greatest threat to global public health and now presents one of the most formidable challenges to human rights. This paper is an attempt to demonstrate that the right to health is so fundamental that individuals are unable to exercise any other rights if they cannot maintain their health. Human rights paradigm, we submit, provides a potent method of discourse and assessment to get at the root causes of this epidemic. We argue the need for the right to health by focusing on “structural interventions” aimed at changing the social determinants of risk. Without denying the importance of the individually-focused “behavioral interventions,” we contend that social justice is the foundation of public health. As such, income and class inequality, gender inequality, discrimination, and social stigmatization must be seen in this context. Any serious attempt to address public health issues must take into account structural interventions.