Document Type : Original Article from Result of Thesis
Authors
1 PhD Student in International Relations Department, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
2 Assistant Prof. at International Relations Department, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.
3 Associate Professor at International Relations Department, , Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Highlights
Introduction
Security is one of the most important issues in international relations because it affects people, states, the structure of the international system, and emerging actors in international relations.
Government is one of the three theoretical foundations of the realist approach. According to them, the primary role of government is to provide security, and governments rely on self-help to do so. Liberalism, which values liberty and prosperity, defines security in terms of economic gains and market stability, as well as government trade relationships. Constructivists, who emphasize semantic conceptions, see security as an intersubjective issue created by governments in order to foster mutual understanding. Theorists of this approach have addressed security in terms of identity and ontological considerations, going beyond the physical aspect.
According to realists, government activity reflects the actions and intentions of rulers or leaders seeking to expand their power components. Liberalism seeks to break down constraints and minimize power concentrations by emphasizing the desire for freedom. It also opposes power monopolies by advocating for individual and social freedom. According to constructivists, power is a social phenomenon rather than a natural one. This perspective sees power as a positive force that helps international actors develop and achieve their goals.
The Copenhagen School, which takes a two-dimensional approach and combines neo-realism and constructivism, addresses all security-related issues. The school has also identified new security concerns for political actors, such as technology.
The rapid development of new technologies has profoundly altered the relationships between governments and other international actors. The following are the most popular and influential of these technologies: artificial intelligence and digital-technology-related groups such as the Internet of things (IoT) and metadata, blockchain, quantum computing, advanced robotics, driver-less vehicles and other automated systems, 3D printing, social networks, space technology, the new generation of biotechnology engineering, genetics, and so on.
Methodology
This study employed both descriptive and explanatory methods. Following the discussion of the research problem, data and ideas were gathered from various documentary and online sources. This information was then analyzed and combined, and hypotheses were evaluated based on the evidence. The descriptive section discusses various approaches to describing the topic at hand. The case is described and introduced in this study by summarizing the features, dimensions, and limitations of the phenomenon, and the components and variables involved are determined at this point.
The explanatory section of the study determines the cause-and-effect relationships between various variables. It is important to note that in the political sciences and the social sciences in general, it is impossible to examine causal relationships definitively. In other words, the cause-and-effect relationship is addressed in these fields haphazardly. This is because, in the case of social and political issues, a clear causal relationship cannot be established, and this type of relationship is usually discussed in broad strokes. Furthermore, political and social phenomena are frequently influenced by a wide range of factors and variables, many of which are beyond the scope of a social scientist's expertise.
Findings
With the end of the Cold War, the nature and quality of international system actors were redefined. In addition to supporters of the government-oriented viewpoint, other actors such as multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international organizations, influence groups, and so on played a role during this period. One of the primary concerns that these actors attempted to achieve and promote was technology. This area was the first to focus on technologies such as the Internet and mobile phones. Technology, however, was not immune to the rapid fundamental changes that were occurring in many parts of the global system.
Technological advancements gradually affect all aspects of human life and can be used militarily or peacefully. These technologies have brought both benefits and drawbacks. Developed countries have outpaced their competitors—developing and emerging powers—in developing such technologies, and other countries are vying for and benefiting from them as well.
Other actors in the international system, such as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international organizations, and multinational corporations, can outperform governments in leveraging the benefits of new technologies
The twenty-first century corresponds to a global technological revolution. This revolution has been successful in planning, analyzing, implementing, and monitoring government activities by utilizing developing technology. This has influenced the components of national power, such as political, economic, cultural, and military power, and developing technologies have had a significant impact on the balance of power among the international system's actors.
Results
Technology is one of the most basic and effective demands in today's world for increasing the capacities of governments and their governing systems. The rapid advancement of science and knowledge has had a profound impact on all aspects of human life. Technology, as a scientific product, has provided societal output in the form of technological advancement. Emerging technologies have been able to attract governments due to their uniqueness while also exhibiting distinguishing characteristics from other technologies.
Essentially, governments will not give up any effort to ensure their survival and will take advantage of any opportunity to do so. It stands to reason that this type of technology, with its broad capabilities in fields such as artificial intelligence, 3D printing, and space technology, is one of the most practical and cutting-edge accomplishments available to governments. Technology users face both risks and opportunities when utilizing technology.
The potential and challenges posed by three categories of emerging technologies were investigated in this study, and it was discovered that the use of technology fundamentally boosts governments' authority and national security. Furthermore, it was argued that technology has the potential to undermine governments' authority and security if they do not prepare to manage or neutralize the threat. As a result, while technology is not intrinsically negative, technological governments' lack of proper planning and management can result in national power and security being weakened.
Keywords
Main Subjects
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