Investigating the Factors and Contexts Influencing the Re-emergence of ISIS in Iraq

Document Type : Original Article from Result of Thesis

Authors

1 Department of International Relations, Faculty of Humanities and Law, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan Branch (Khorasgan), Isfahan, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Isfahan.

3 Professor, Department of History, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Isfahan University.

Abstract

Terrorism is one of the great threats to the world in the 21st century, which can be exploited through a variety of methods, such as armed action, false media propaganda, and influencing the beliefs and values of society; disrupting the order and security of the community. The terrorist current of ISIS is one of the most important global concerns and a major regional threat, especially in Iraq. Despite the defeat of this group in Iraq, the re-emergence of this terrorist group can never be ignored. It should be borne in mind that despite various social, political and economic crises in Iraq, the ground and opportunity for the re-emergence of this terrorist group may be provided as in the past. Therefore, the main question of this article is: "Is it possible for ISIS to reappear in Iraq, despite its destruction?" The purpose of this study is to "identify and study the most important factors underlying the re-emergence of ISIS in the context of political, security, economic and social crises in Iraq." In this research, descriptive-analytical research method has been used and the general result of the research shows; The continuation of various political, social, economic and security crises in Iraq could pave the way for the re-emergence of ISIS in this country.

Keywords

Main Subjects


  1. Ahi, N. (2019). The Impact of Regional Developments in Iranian and Turkish Politics on the Ethnicity of the Kurds in iraq, Social Science Studies, 5(1), 77-93. (In Persian)
  2. Ake, C. (1974). Modernization and Political Instability, World Politics, 26(4), 576-591.
  3. Al-Rasheed, Madawi. (2017). Saudi Arabia and its neighbours: A troubled relationship, Aljazeera, Retrieved september 17 2019, at: http://studies.aljazeera.net/en/reports/2017/07/saudi-arabia-neighbours-troubledrelationship-170712101306392.html.
  4. Asim, D. (2019). Kurdish Independence, at: https:// www.politicalholidays.com/post/kurdish-independence
  5. Davoodvandi, N. (2020). Study of the Relationship between Regional Conflicts and conflicts with the nation-state building process in the middle east from 2000-2018. PhdD. Thesis. Karaj: Islamic Azad University of Karaj. (In Persian)
  6. Erdogan, R. (2016). at: https://www.ruptly.tv/en/videos/20161022-043-Turkey-Mosuland-Aleppo-belonged-to-Turks-erdogan
  7. Firoozabadi, H. (2015). Recognize the takfiris of ISIL. Tehran: Higher National Defense University publishing. (in persian)
  8. Fund for Peace. (2005 - 2016). Fragile States Index. Available at: www.fundforpeace.org
  9. Ghorbani Nejad, R. (2019). Analysis of the Structural Characteristics of the State Government of Iraqi Kurdistan, New attitudes in Human Geography, 11(4), 261-282. (In Persian)
  10. Giddens, A. (1999). The thirdway, Cambridge, Polity Press.
  11. Global Fire Power. (2020). 2020 Military Strength Ranking. January 11, at: https://www.globalfirepower.com/countries-listing.asp
  12. Global Peace Index, (2020). at: https://reliefweb.int/sits/reliefweb.int/files/resources/GPL-2020-web.pdf.
  13. Hantington, S. Wayner, M. (2000). Development goals, in understanding political development. Translated by Research institute for strategic studies. Tehran: Research institute for strategic studies. first edition.
  14. Hawramy, F. (2020). Environmentalist, Intellectual, PJAK fighter: The Life and Death of Rebwar Gholizadeh, at:https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/210720201
  15. Hurwitz, L. (1973). Contemporary Approaches to Political Stability. Comparative Politics, 5(3), 449-463.
  16. Index. 2020. economic freedom, it's available on https://www.heritage.org/index/country/iraq
  17. Kamrava, M. (2018). Hierarchy and Instability in the Middle East Regional Order. International Studies Journal (ISJ), 14(4), 1-40. (In persian)
  18. Mabon, S. Lucia, A. (march 2015). Fbs briefing: daesh, geopolitics and resurgence of pan Arabism. the foreign policy center, ideas for a fairer world.at: https://fpc.org.uk
  19. Mahoutchian, S. Tayebi, S. (2019). Explaining the Dimensions of Environmental Protection in Light of International development and Convergence. International Studies Journal (ISJ), 16(3), 93-112. (In Persian)
  20. Merriam-Webster. (2019). Security. 25 March. at: https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/security
  21. Michel, S. (2006). Intelligence report finds war increasing terrorist threat, September 25, it's available at http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/
  22. Moradbeigi, H. (2019). The Live History of Kurdistan and the Left and Nationalism. Tehran: Nasim Publications, second edition. (In Persian)
  23. Mottaqhi, E. AlGhoban, M. (2017). Democratic State-Building and Integrated NationBuilding in Modern Iraq (2003-2015). Security Afaq Quarterly, 10(34), 11-138. (In Persian)
  24. Nabatian, m, (2014). Intellectual-political contexts of the Takfiri-Baathist current of ISIL, Qom: World Assembly of ahle al-Bayt Publishing, first edition. (In Persian)
  25. Naqibzadeh, A. (2019). History of Diplomacy and International Relations from the Westphalian Pact to the Present. tehran: Qomes Publishing, 17th edition. (In Persian)
  26. Nasri, Q., Rezaei, D. (2019). The most important threats to the Islamic Republic of Iran in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. strategic Studies Quarterly, 9(37), 168-197. (In Persian)
  27. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. (2017). at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/NSS-Final-12-18-2017- 0905.pdf
  28. Nato Official Site. (2020). Nato Mission Iraq. April 14, at: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_166936.htm.
  29. Quitaz, S. (2019). Saudi - Israeli Relations: The Emergence of a New Alliance. AlAraby. Received August 17 2018, at:https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2019/8/14/saudi-israeli-relations-theemergence-of-a-new-alliance
  30. Rothberg, R. (2002). The New Nature of Nation-State Failure. the Washington Quarterly 25, 3: 85-96.
  31. Samiee Isfahani, A. Norouzinjad, J. (2013). International Nation-state_Building and Political Violence in the New Iraq. ranian International Policy Research, 2(1), 95-121. (In Persian)
  32. Shackle, S. (2015). if terrorist groups are to be defeated, Saudi Arabia must stop funding those it favors. at: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/.
  33. Shams, A. (2004). System stability. Management Research in Iran. (23)8, 107-128. (In Persian)
  34. Sotoudeh, M. Hemmat, B. (2019). Study of the Dimensions of Political Instability in Iraq. Journal of Political Science, 21(84), 63-92. (in persian)
  35. The Transparency international. (2019). its available on https: //www.transparency.org/country/IRQ
  36. The World Bank. (2019). its available on https: //www.worldbank.org/en/country/iraq/publication/economic-update-october-2019
  37. UN. United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq-UNAMI. (2020). its available on http://www.uniraq.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&layout=item&id=941&Itemid=4&lang=en
  38. United States Institute of Peace. (2015). The Current Situation in Iraq. A USIP Fact Sheet. Available at: http://www.usip.org/publications/the-currentsituation-in-iraq
  39. Valley, P. ( 2014). Isis: Having spent billions. the Wahhabis of Saudi Arabia and Qatar find they have created a monster, at: http: //homedelivery.belfasttelegraph.co.uk.
  40. Walt, S. M. (2019). America Isn’t as Powerful as It Thinks It Is. Foreign Policy, April at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/26/america-isnt-as-powerful-as-it-thinks-itis/
  41. World Bank. (2018). https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iraq/publication/economic-outlook-april-2018
  42. World Bank. (2019). Iraqs Economice Update October-2019-world Bank.at https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iraq/publication/economic-update-october-2019
  43. World bank. (2020). https: //www.worldbank.org/en/country/iraq/publication/economic-update-april-2020