کاربرد "نظریه کوانتوم" در تحلیل سیاسی

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی- پژوهشی مستقل

نویسنده

استاد حقوق و روابط بین الملل در دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی - برنامه تحصیلات تکمیلی ، IAU ، شعبه علوم و تحقیقات

چکیده

در سالهای اخیر برداشت جدیدی از شناخت در عرصه علم مطرح شده که از فرآیند‌های فیزیک معاصر یا"مکانیک کوانتومی" الهام می‌گیرد. در این نظریه نوعی وحدت و یگانگی بین مشاهده‌گر وطبیعت یعنی میان انسان وجهان وجود دارد وفعالیت‌های ذهن را با سیستم‌های کوانتومی مقایسه می‌کند. بر خلاف نظریه فیزیک کلاسیک که در آن پدیده‌ها واشیا منفرد و محصور درخود و جدا وبی ارتباط با هم جلوه می‌کنند در سطح کوانتومی با کلیتی غیر قابل تقسیم روبه رو هستیم که عناصر آن جدایی ناپذیر و در ارتباط با هم هستند. نتیجه این وحدت یکی شدن واقعیت‌های عینی وذهنی یا دست‌یابی به بینشی که درون وبرون پدیده‌ها در هم می‌آمیزد ویگانه می‌شود. در فیزیک کوانتوم فرآیند سنجش و ارزیابی متاثر از پیوند میان پدیده موردمشاهده ومشاهده‌گر است. از این دیدگاه جهان بافتی است جدایی ناپذیر از رابطه ذهن وماده. مساله عدم قطعیت ونظریه آشوب از ویژگی‌های این دیدگاه است که با قلمرو علوم سیاسی وروابط بین‌الملل هماهنگی دارد. این مقاله در همین زمینه به تحلیل نظریه کوانتوم در علم سیاست و روابط بین‌الملل می‌پردازد و در آن کاربرد "نظر یه کوانتوم" در تحلیل مسایل سیاسی و روابط بین‌الملل با نگاهی نسبتا ساده تشریح شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Quantum Politics New Methodological Perspective

نویسنده [English]

  • Ali Asghar Kazemi
Professor of Law and ‎International Relations at the ‎‎Faculty of Law and Political Science- Post-Graduate ‎Program, IAU, Science and Research ‎Branch. ‎‎Tehran- Iran
چکیده [English]

The unpredictability nature of politics has made it fit to marry with quantum theory which by definition stands upon this characteristic. In recent years, “chaos and quantum theories” have attracted academics and scholars as alternative research methodology across a wide range of social science discipline including politics and international relations.
Traditionally, we understand political phenomena and international relations in terms of positivist approaches based upon Newtonian worldview, which is mechanistic and reflecting “systemic determinism” governed by eternal universal laws. This is how we used to explain for instance the concept of “Balance of Power” and a host of other theories during the cold war. The post cold war period, and most particularly the unpredictability of the September 11 events, proved the methodological insufficiency and inadequacy of this approach. In recent years many authors have questioned the wisdom of continuing to rely on the Newtonian philosophy to deal with the emerging problems in world affairs and domestic issues which no longer respond to the conventional epistemological and ontological views of the past. Reliance on mere cause and effect, two dimensional “space and time,” political determinism, structure, interaction, order, sovereignty and the like are not responsive to our present methodological requisites. This paper is an attempt to explain the matter through a new methodological approach built on chaos and ‎quantum theories

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • International Relations
  • Politics
  • Methodology
  • Quantum Theories
[1]. Thomas Samuel Kuhn; July 18, 1922 – June 17, ‎‎1996 was an American physicist who wrote extensively on the history of science and ‎developed several important notions in the sociology and philosophy of science.‎
[1]. See e.g.: Kuhn, T.S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.  Kuhn's work has been extensively used in social science; for instance, in the post-positivist/positivist debate within International Relations
[1]. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was originally printed as an article in the International ‎Encyclopedia of Unified Science, published by the logical positivists of the Vienna Circle. In this book, ‎Kuhn argued that science does not progress via a linear accumulation of new knowledge, but undergoes ‎periodic revolutions, also called "paradigm shifts" (although he did not coin the phrase), in which the ‎nature of scientific inquiry within a particular field is abruptly transformed.‎ Taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
[1]. Cf. Dimitrios E. Akrivoulis ‎, The ‘Quantum Politics’ Metaphor in International Relations: ‎Towards a Hermeneutics of Political Metaphoricity ‎ Paper presented at the 57th Political Studies Association Annual Conference ‎University of Bath, UK, 11-13 April 2007
[1]. Cf. Ibid. See also Walker, R.B.J. (1991) “State Sovereignty and the Articulation of Political ‎Space/Time”, Millennium, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 445-461. ‎See also e.g.: DeTombe, Dorien J. & C. van Dijkum  (Editors) Analyzing Complex Societal Problems: a methodological approach, Munich; Mering; Hampp, 1996 .‎
[1]. See e.g. my paper: Ali Asghar Kazemi, “‎Dynamic versus Static Political Inquiry” in The  Middle East Academic Forum. www. aakazemi. blogspot. com January 2011.‎
[1]. Many contemporary philosophers and scholars have contributed to this development among whom the names of  Heidegger, Sartre, Merleau-Ponty, Bachelard, Foucault and  Riceour ‎ are most cited in academic milieu.
[1]. Unpredictability may be based on incomplete data or on non-linear feedback loops which is the case of chaos theory. "A process that is unpredictable is undetermined in terms of time and other variables that determine the state of a process. Cited in: DeTombe, Dorien J. & C. van Dijkum ,Analyzing Complex Societal Problems: a methodological approach, 1996.
[1]. The  Heisenberg uncertainty principle, a quantum physics concept which is commonly (yet inaccurately) used to refer to the fact that in the Copenhagen Interpretation model of quantum mechanical behavior, observers affect what they are observing, by the mere act of observing it alone (this is actually the observer effect, and is commonly confused with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle).  In quantum mechanics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle states by precise inequalities that certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, cannot be simultaneously known to arbitrarily high precision. That is, the more precisely one property is measured, the less precisely the other can be measured. See : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisenbug#Heisenbug See also: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle
[1]. Quantum theory evolved as a new branch of theoretical physics during the first few decades of the 20th century in ‎an endeavor to understand the fundamental properties of matter. It began with the study of the interactions of ‎matter and radiation. In contrast to Einstein's Relativity, which is about the largest things in the universe, quantum ‎theory deals with the tiniest things we know, the particles that atoms are made of, which we call "subatomic" ‎particles. In contrast to Relativity, quantum theory was not the work of one individual, but the collaborative effort of ‎some of the most brilliant physicists of the 20th century, among them Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Wolfgang Pauli, ‎and Max Born. Two names clearly stand out: Max Planck (1858-1947) and Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976). Planck ‎is recognized as the originator of the quantum theory, while Heisenberg formulated one of the most eminent laws ‎of quantum theory, the Uncertainty Principle, which is occasionally also referred to as the principle of ‎indeterminacy.‎See Wikipedia under the subject of “Quantum Theory.”  
[1]. I used the concept in my early manuscript in the last chapter of a book on Method and Insight in Politics in late 1980’s when I was dealing with new emerging methods and approach in political science. See Ali Asghar Kazemi, Method and Insight in Politics, (A Philosophical, Scientific and Methodological Approach), Tehran: Institute for Political and International Studies (IPIS), 1995. Chapter 11, p. 282.( In Persian)  
[1]. One reviewer of the book has described it in the following manner:”I am confident that this volume will mark a turning point in political theory, political ‎design, and eventually political practice. It definitely should be on the assigned ‎reading list of every student of politics, and every political activist. I don't expect many ‎current politicians to read it, although they certain should, but I do expect it to be a ‎kind of Bible for future political generations.‎” Reviewed by Jim Dator
[1]. Theodore L. Becker, ed.‎ Applying Quantum Theory to Political Phenomenon   New York; Westport, Connecticut; London: Praeger, 1991. 232 pages, plus 16 page ‎preface
[1]. ibid
[1]. ibid
[1]. The standard explanation of what takes place at the quantum level is known as the Copenhagen Interpretation. This ‎is because much of the pioneering work was carried out by the Danish physicist  Niels Bohr, who worked in ‎Copenhagen. Quantum theory attempts to describe the behavior of very small objects, generally speaking the size ‎of atoms or smaller, in much the same way as relativity describes the laws of larger everyday objects. We find it ‎necessary to have two sets of rules because particles do not behave in the same way as larger everyday objects, ‎such as billiard balls. We can, for example, say precisely where a billiard ball is, what it is doing, and what it is about ‎to do. The same cannot be said for particles. They are, quite literally, a law unto themselves, and why this should be ‎so is a source of much debate.‎
[1]. Christopher Norris, Quantum Theory and the Flight from Realism: Philosophical Responses to Quantum Mechanics (Critical Realism) (London: Routledge, 2000) [Paperback]. Prof. Norris is Distinguished Research Professor in Philosophy at Cardiff University. He is one of the world's leading scholars on deconstruction, and the work of Jacques Derrida. This book is a valuable source for those who are interested in the debate concerning the conceptual foundations of quantum mechanics and clarifies the problems it has raised for physicists and philosophers. In a sequence of closely argued chapters, Norris examines the premises of orthodox quantum theory, as developed most influentially by Bohr and Heisenberg, and its impact on various philosophical developments.  
[1]. ibid
[1]. Norris, Ibid
[1]. To them, there may be many worlds or may be infinite worlds. Becker, ibid
[1]. Harold Dwight Lasswell (February 13, 1902 — December 18, 1978) was a leading American political scientist and communications theorist. He was a member of the Chicago school of sociology and was a professor at Yale University in law. He was a President of the American Political Science Association (APSA) and World Academy of Art and Science (WAAS).See:   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lasswell
[1]. Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte (19 January 1798 – 5 September 1857), better known as Auguste Comte. He was a French philosopher, a founder of the discipline of sociology and of the doctrine of positivism. He may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. Strongly influenced by the Utopian socialist Henri de Saint-Simon, Comte developed the positive philosophy in an attempt to remedy the social malaise of the French revolution, calling for a new social paradigm based on the sciences. See : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte 
[1]. Sir Karl Raimund Popper,  (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austro-British philosopher and a professor at the London School of Economics. He is regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of the 20th century; he also wrote extensively on social and political philosophy. Popper is known for his attempt to repudiate the classical observationalist / inductivist account of scientific method by advancing empirical falsification instead; for his opposition to the classical justificationist account of knowledge which he replaced with critical rationalism, "the first non justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy";  and for his vigorous defense of liberal democracy and the principles of social criticism that he came to believe made a flourishing "open society" possible.  
[1]. See: Ali Asghar Kazemi, The End of Politics and the Last Myth: Critical Order in the Post-Political 21st Century. Tehran: Ghoomes Publishing Co. 2001. ( In Persian)
[1]. See below for an explanation of the Butterfly Effect
[1]. See Wikipedia, also see: Smith, R. D. (1998) “Social Structures and Chaos Theory” in‎Sociological Research Online, vol. 3, no. 1, ‎‎<http:// www. socresonline. org.uk /3/1/11 .htm Abstract
[1]. Mostly from Wikipedia under the title of “Chaos Theory.”
[1]. Smith, Op.cit.
[1]. Ibid
[1]. Comparing this effect to the domino effect is slightly misleading. There is dependence on the initial sensitivity, but whereas a simple linear row of dominoes would cause one event to initiate another similar one, the butterfly effect amplifies the condition upon each interaction.  
[1]. This is for example like the crisis that happened in Tunisia at the beginning of the year 2011 and very quickly proliferated in Egypt and other countries of the Middle East and North Africa. See my trilogy articles on the subject in The Middle Eat Academic Forum
1. “Crisis Proliferation in the Middle East”
2. “Tunisia Crisis Turned into a Revolution”
3.“Tunisia Crisis: A Call for Change in the Middle East”
[1]. See e.g. : José Navarro, and Carlos Arrieta, “Chaos in Human Behavior: The Case of Work Motivation. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, Vol. 13 No. 1
[1]. Ibid
[1]. Cf.  Ibid
[1]. Cf. idem
[1]. In human behavior, one can certainly see how small changes could render behavior, or another complex system, extremely unpredictable. Small actions or experiences stored in the unconscious mind, could certainly affect a person’s behavior in unexpected ways.